含有专有名词的定语从句
『壹』 先行词是专有名词时,用哪个关系代词引导定语从句是用
专有名词一般表示地点,由在定语从句的成分而定,如作主语,用which/that,否则用where
『贰』 英语常用语法
1. 名词
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Indivial Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |
一、名词性从句
名词性从句主要分为四大类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
<一>主语从句
1.that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句末,在实际应用中我们常常采用it形式主语的形式。
例句:That he passed the English test is true. 千真万确,他通过了英语考试。
→It is true that he passed the English test.
2.形式主语的四个主要句型
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句
例:It is a pity that…可惜的是
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question等。
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
例:It is certain that… 很肯定
可应用于此句型的形容词还有clear / better / natural / important 等。
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
例:It is said that…据说
可应用于此句型的过去分词还有believed / known / reported等。
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
例:It seems that…好像是
可应用于此句型的不及物动词还有happen / appear 等。
3.wh-引导的主语从句
例句:Where we will go hasn’t been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没定下来。
<二>宾语从句
1.that引导的宾语从句
that常用来引导宾语从句,通常that可以省略。
例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,that从句常用“(should) + 动词原形”的结构(参考“虚拟语气”部分)。
2.wh-引导的宾语从句
例句:I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.形容词后面所跟的宾语从句
某些动态形容词(afraid、confident、aware、certain、sure、doubtful等)在句中做表语时,后面可跟宾语从句。
例句:I am confident that I can get the job.
我有信心我可以得到这份工作。
<三>表语从句
1.that引导的表语从句
基本结构:主语 + 系动词 + that从句
例句:The fact is that we have lost the game.
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
2.wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
例句:That is why I tell you the news..
那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因。
3.从属连词as if、because、just as等引导的表语从句
例句:It is because I have ever heard of the story.
那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事。
<四>同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导
可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
例句:The news that we won the game is exciting.
我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
二、定语从句
<一>引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
关系词
修饰先行词
例句
关系代词
that
人 / 物
Do you know the man that / who is talking to my brother?
你认识和我哥哥聊天的那个人吗?
which
物
The book that / which I borrowed from John is very interesting.
我从John那借来的书很有趣儿。
who
人
I don’t know the man that / who is waiting for you at the gate.
我不认识在大门口等你的人。
whom
人
The man that / whom you met in the supermarket is Tom’s father.
你在超市遇见的那个人是Tom的父亲。
whose
人 / 物
Do you know the man whose wife is injured in a car accident?
你认识那个在车祸中妻子受伤的人吗?
关系副词
when
时间
I will never forget the day when I met you.
我永远忘不了我遇见你的那一天。
where
地点
That is the school where I have studied for 6 years.
那就是我学习了六年的学校。
how
方式
I have forgot the way how to get to the railway station.
我已经忘了去火车站的路。
why
原因
That is the reason why he didn’t come.
那就是他没来的原因。
<二>that和which引导定语从句的区别
1.不用that的情况
(1)在引导非限定性定语从句时
例句:He can speak English fluently,which impressed me most.
他的英语讲得很流利,给我留下了深刻印象。
(2) 介词后不能用
例句:This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.
这就是我居住了两年的房子。
2.只能用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, something, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
例句:There is nothing that we can use.
这里没什么我们可用的东西。
(2)先行词有no, the only, the very, some修饰时,只用that。
例句:This is the very man that I want to meet.
这正是我要见的人。
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,只用that。.
例句:That is the most important thing that I want to know.
那是我想知道的最重要的事。
三、状语从句
状语从句的分类及各种连词
分类
连词
例句
时间状语从句
after, before, as soon as, since, when, till, while等
I was reading when he entered the room.
当他进来的时候我正在读书。
地点状语从句
Where, wherever等
I have put the book where it was.
我已经把书放在原位了。
原因状语从句
because, as, since, for等
I don’t want to go because I am tired of any party.
我不想去因为我已经厌倦了任何宴会。
条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, so long as等
If you have known the news, please tell me now.
如果你已经知道了这个消息,请现在告诉我。
让步状语从句
though,although,however等
I will not trust you although you have told me the truth.
尽管你已经告诉了我真相,我也不会信任你的。
结果状语从句
so that,so…that…, such…that…等
He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.
他跑得如此之快,以至于没人能跟上他。
目的状语从句
so that, in order that等
I must leave now so that I can catch the last bus.
我必须立刻离开以便我能赶上末班车。
方式状语从句
as, just as, as if, as though等
We should do as the teacher told us.
我们应该按照老告诉我们的去做。
比较状语从句
as…as…, not so…as, than等
This house is bigger than that one.
这所房子比那所房子大。
名词性从句考点:(1)连词的选择;(2)主句与从句时态的呼应;(3)同位语从句与定语从句的区别;(4)wh- 与wh-ever 的区别;(4)that在名词性从句中的省略问题;(5)名词性从句的语序问题
状语从句考点:(1)主句与从句的时态呼应问题;(2)连接词的选择(注意区别几组连接词:while / as / when引导时间状语从句;because / since / as / for引导原因状语从句;if / unless引导条件状语从句;so…that / such…that引导结果状语从句等);(3)状语从句与非谓语动词之间的替换;(4)状语从句的倒装结构(hardly / scarcely…when;no sooner…than等)
定语从句考点:(1)关系词的选择;(2)that和which的区别;(3)关系词的省略问题;(4)介词在定语从句中位置(介词 + 关系代词);(5)as引导的定语从句;(6)定语从句的先行词和关系词当中的插入语
2、代词
代词考点:(1)人称代词(形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、人称代词);(2)反身代词(3)指示代词(it,that,one,ones等的用法);(4)不定代词(不定代词所指代的内容及其单复数;不定代词的否定意义等)
3、动词(情态动词、动词和动词短语、时态语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词)
情态动词考点:(1)情态动词的词义辨析;(2)在特定场景中情态动词的选择;(3)must / may / might在推测句中的区别;(4)should / could / would 等 + have + 动词的过去分词的用法;(5)need与dare分别做实义动词和助动词的区别
动词和动词短语考点:(1)动词和动词词组的词义辨析;(2)动词的固定搭配(动词 + 介词;动词 + 副词——介词和副词的选择)
时态语态考点:(1)八种基本时态;(2)主句与从句谓语动词的时态呼应;(3)动词touch / feel / write / sell 等主动表示被动的用法;(4)系动词的用法;(5)延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法
虚拟语气考点:(1)虚拟语气主句和从句时态及结构的对应;(2)动词(suggest / require / order / demand等)、名词(suggestion / requirement / order / demand等)、形容词(necessary / important / essential / basic等)的虚拟语气用法;(3)“It be ( high / about …) that + 句子”结构中的虚拟语气用法;(4)wish / hope等引导的虚拟语气;(5)as if 的虚拟语气;(6)虚拟语气的倒装
非谓语动词考点:(1)非谓语动词的时态、语态;(2)非谓语动词做状语;(3)独立主格结构;(4)with复合结构;(5)非谓语动词的逻辑主语;(6)非谓语动词的否定式;(7)现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
4、交际用语
交际用语考点:(1)打电话;(2)询问情况;(3)征求许可与应答;(4)邀请与应答;(5)提供帮助与应答;(6)建议与应答;(7)道歉与应答;(8)问候与应答
5、介词
介词考点:(1)动词 + 介词;(2)介词和名词;(3)介词和数词;(4)except / except for / except that / besides用法;
6、冠词
冠词考点:(1)名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法;(2)固定搭配中的冠词用法
7、名词
名词考点:(1)名词的单复数;(2)名词所有格;(3)词义辨析;(4)名词前的冠词;(5)名词的习惯用法;(6)名词做定语的用法
8、强调句型
强调句型考点:it引导的强调句型It be + 被强调部分 + that / who +其它
9、形容词副词
形容词副词考点:(1)词义辨析;(2)比较级;(3)多个形容词做定语的次序、位置(前置 / 后置)
10、主谓一致
主谓一致考点:(1)主语与谓语动词的语法一致;(2)就近原则(either…or / neither…nor / not only …but also等结构中的一致问题);(3)附加原则,主语 + together / along with / in addition to / as well as / except / besides / including等 + 谓语动词结构中的主谓一致问题;(4)整体原则(主语从句、不定式、时间、距离、金钱等词组做主语,通常被视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;(5)有一类词(team / all / some / the rest 等)要根据它在句中实际表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数
『叁』 英语中同位语是啥
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。
(3)含有专有名词的定语从句扩展阅读:
of引导的同位语:
1、限定词the + 名词 + of + 名词。此时,of是同位语的引导词,本身没有意义。of后面的名词是其前名词的同位语。如:
The city of Newcastle lies at the mouth of Newcastle river.
纽卡斯尔城纽卡斯尔位于纽卡斯尔河口。
2、不定冠词a(an) + 表示面积、长(宽、高、温、……)度、比例的名词+of+数字。of后面的词是其前名词的同位语。如:
Belgium has an area of 11,778 square miles.
比利时面积有一万一千七百七十八平方英里。
3、限定词the、this、that、等 + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词或不带中心词的名词所有格。此处,of前的名词由于受限定词the、this、that等的限定,它和of后面的名词性物主代词或不带中心词的名词所有格(作名词用)同指一个事物。of后的名词性物主代词或不带中心词的名词所有格是of前的名词的同位语。如:
What do you think of this sonata of Beethoven' s?
你觉得贝多芬的这首奏鸣曲怎么样?
4、限定词the、all等 + 数词 + of + 宾格代词或名词。both虽然是限定词,但它又含有数的意味,因此of前也可单用both.如:
I'll take both of them.
我要把他们两个都带上。
5、purpose,hope,question等 + of + 动名词短语。这时,of后面的动名词短语相当于同位语从句。如:
Is there any hope ofXiao Wang winning the Championship?
小王有没有获冠军的希望?
6、名词problem,question等 + of + 疑问句 + 动词不定式。如:
The question of when to leave never came up.
从没提起过何时离开的问题。
『肆』 谁有英语常用语法
1. 名词
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Indivial Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |
一、名词性从句
名词性从句主要分为四大类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
<一>主语从句
1.that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句末,在实际应用中我们常常采用it形式主语的形式。
例句:That he passed the English test is true. 千真万确,他通过了英语考试。
→It is true that he passed the English test.
2.形式主语的四个主要句型
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句
例:It is a pity that…可惜的是
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question等。
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
例:It is certain that… 很肯定
可应用于此句型的形容词还有clear / better / natural / important 等。
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
例:It is said that…据说
可应用于此句型的过去分词还有believed / known / reported等。
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
例:It seems that…好像是
可应用于此句型的不及物动词还有happen / appear 等。
3.wh-引导的主语从句
例句:Where we will go hasn’t been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没定下来。
<二>宾语从句
1.that引导的宾语从句
that常用来引导宾语从句,通常that可以省略。
例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,that从句常用“(should) + 动词原形”的结构(参考“虚拟语气”部分)。
2.wh-引导的宾语从句
例句:I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.形容词后面所跟的宾语从句
某些动态形容词(afraid、confident、aware、certain、sure、doubtful等)在句中做表语时,后面可跟宾语从句。
例句:I am confident that I can get the job.
我有信心我可以得到这份工作。
<三>表语从句
1.that引导的表语从句
基本结构:主语 + 系动词 + that从句
例句:The fact is that we have lost the game.
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
2.wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
例句:That is why I tell you the news..
那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因。
3.从属连词as if、because、just as等引导的表语从句
例句:It is because I have ever heard of the story.
那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事。
<四>同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导
可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
例句:The news that we won the game is exciting.
我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
二、定语从句
<一>引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
关系词
修饰先行词
例句
关系代词
that
人 / 物
Do you know the man that / who is talking to my brother?
你认识和我哥哥聊天的那个人吗?
which
物
The book that / which I borrowed from John is very interesting.
我从John那借来的书很有趣儿。
who
人
I don’t know the man that / who is waiting for you at the gate.
我不认识在大门口等你的人。
whom
人
The man that / whom you met in the supermarket is Tom’s father.
你在超市遇见的那个人是Tom的父亲。
whose
人 / 物
Do you know the man whose wife is injured in a car accident?
你认识那个在车祸中妻子受伤的人吗?
关系副词
when
时间
I will never forget the day when I met you.
我永远忘不了我遇见你的那一天。
where
地点
That is the school where I have studied for 6 years.
那就是我学习了六年的学校。
how
方式
I have forgot the way how to get to the railway station.
我已经忘了去火车站的路。
why
原因
That is the reason why he didn’t come.
那就是他没来的原因。
<二>that和which引导定语从句的区别
1.不用that的情况
(1)在引导非限定性定语从句时
例句:He can speak English fluently,which impressed me most.
他的英语讲得很流利,给我留下了深刻印象。
(2) 介词后不能用
例句:This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.
这就是我居住了两年的房子。
2.只能用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, something, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
例句:There is nothing that we can use.
这里没什么我们可用的东西。
(2)先行词有no, the only, the very, some修饰时,只用that。
例句:This is the very man that I want to meet.
这正是我要见的人。
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,只用that。.
例句:That is the most important thing that I want to know.
那是我想知道的最重要的事。
三、状语从句
状语从句的分类及各种连词
分类
连词
例句
时间状语从句
after, before, as soon as, since, when, till, while等
I was reading when he entered the room.
当他进来的时候我正在读书。
地点状语从句
Where, wherever等
I have put the book where it was.
我已经把书放在原位了。
原因状语从句
because, as, since, for等
I don’t want to go because I am tired of any party.
我不想去因为我已经厌倦了任何宴会。
条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, so long as等
If you have known the news, please tell me now.
如果你已经知道了这个消息,请现在告诉我。
让步状语从句
though,although,however等
I will not trust you although you have told me the truth.
尽管你已经告诉了我真相,我也不会信任你的。
结果状语从句
so that,so…that…, such…that…等
He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.
他跑得如此之快,以至于没人能跟上他。
目的状语从句
so that, in order that等
I must leave now so that I can catch the last bus.
我必须立刻离开以便我能赶上末班车。
方式状语从句
as, just as, as if, as though等
We should do as the teacher told us.
我们应该按照老告诉我们的去做。
比较状语从句
as…as…, not so…as, than等
This house is bigger than that one.
这所房子比那所房子大。
名词性从句考点:(1)连词的选择;(2)主句与从句时态的呼应;(3)同位语从句与定语从句的区别;(4)wh- 与wh-ever 的区别;(4)that在名词性从句中的省略问题;(5)名词性从句的语序问题
状语从句考点:(1)主句与从句的时态呼应问题;(2)连接词的选择(注意区别几组连接词:while / as / when引导时间状语从句;because / since / as / for引导原因状语从句;if / unless引导条件状语从句;so…that / such…that引导结果状语从句等);(3)状语从句与非谓语动词之间的替换;(4)状语从句的倒装结构(hardly / scarcely…when;no sooner…than等)
定语从句考点:(1)关系词的选择;(2)that和which的区别;(3)关系词的省略问题;(4)介词在定语从句中位置(介词 + 关系代词);(5)as引导的定语从句;(6)定语从句的先行词和关系词当中的插入语
2、代词
代词考点:(1)人称代词(形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、人称代词);(2)反身代词(3)指示代词(it,that,one,ones等的用法);(4)不定代词(不定代词所指代的内容及其单复数;不定代词的否定意义等)
3、动词(情态动词、动词和动词短语、时态语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词)
情态动词考点:(1)情态动词的词义辨析;(2)在特定场景中情态动词的选择;(3)must / may / might在推测句中的区别;(4)should / could / would 等 + have + 动词的过去分词的用法;(5)need与dare分别做实义动词和助动词的区别
动词和动词短语考点:(1)动词和动词词组的词义辨析;(2)动词的固定搭配(动词 + 介词;动词 + 副词——介词和副词的选择)
时态语态考点:(1)八种基本时态;(2)主句与从句谓语动词的时态呼应;(3)动词touch / feel / write / sell 等主动表示被动的用法;(4)系动词的用法;(5)延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法
虚拟语气考点:(1)虚拟语气主句和从句时态及结构的对应;(2)动词(suggest / require / order / demand等)、名词(suggestion / requirement / order / demand等)、形容词(necessary / important / essential / basic等)的虚拟语气用法;(3)“It be ( high / about …) that + 句子”结构中的虚拟语气用法;(4)wish / hope等引导的虚拟语气;(5)as if 的虚拟语气;(6)虚拟语气的倒装
非谓语动词考点:(1)非谓语动词的时态、语态;(2)非谓语动词做状语;(3)独立主格结构;(4)with复合结构;(5)非谓语动词的逻辑主语;(6)非谓语动词的否定式;(7)现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
4、交际用语
交际用语考点:(1)打电话;(2)询问情况;(3)征求许可与应答;(4)邀请与应答;(5)提供帮助与应答;(6)建议与应答;(7)道歉与应答;(8)问候与应答
5、介词
介词考点:(1)动词 + 介词;(2)介词和名词;(3)介词和数词;(4)except / except for / except that / besides用法;
6、冠词
冠词考点:(1)名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法;(2)固定搭配中的冠词用法
7、名词
名词考点:(1)名词的单复数;(2)名词所有格;(3)词义辨析;(4)名词前的冠词;(5)名词的习惯用法;(6)名词做定语的用法
8、强调句型
强调句型考点:it引导的强调句型It be + 被强调部分 + that / who +其它
9、形容词副词
形容词副词考点:(1)词义辨析;(2)比较级;(3)多个形容词做定语的次序、位置(前置 / 后置)
10、主谓一致
主谓一致考点:(1)主语与谓语动词的语法一致;(2)就近原则(either…or / neither…nor / not only …but also等结构中的一致问题);(3)附加原则,主语 + together / along with / in addition to / as well as / except / besides / including等 + 谓语动词结构中的主谓一致问题;(4)整体原则(主语从句、不定式、时间、距离、金钱等词组做主语,通常被视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;(5)有一类词(team / all / some / the rest 等)要根据它在句中实际表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数
给个奖励吧^_^ 要好好学,英语嘛,说它难是假的.它需要我们好好对待 英语也就是一通百通 告诉你一个秘诀:准备一个英语改错本和难题解答本.把错的题目加深印象.难的题目作积累. 考试前要巩固,要每天看一看.^_^
『伍』 高中英语语法中的各个专有名词(如主语.谓语.宾语补足语.各种从句等)翻译成英语怎么说
主语subject
宾语object
谓语predicate
表语predicative
定语attribute
状语adverbial
[ 补足语complement ]
(比如宾语补足语 object complement)
[ 从句clause ]
(比如宾语从句 object clause ;定语从句 attributive clause;表语从句 predicative clause ;状语从句 adverbial clause )
同位语appositive
时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time
地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place
方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner
让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession
原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause
结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result
目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose
条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition
『陆』 英语语法
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1)Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B.smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did knowB. man knowC. didn't man knowD. did man know
答案D.看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game beganB.has the game begun
C. did the game beginD.had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD. I don't care also
答案:B. nor为增补意思"也不关心",因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard.---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。
注意:
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did knowB. man knewC. didn't man knowD. did man know
答案为D.否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize
答案为B。
3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析:答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
定语从句
定语从句
定语从句(Attributi ve Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。